The presence of Trichomonas vaginalis in urogenital samples can affect the sensitivity of Mycoplasma hominis identification techniques, leading to an underestimation of bacterial infections.

Trichomonas vaginalis and Mycoplasma hominis, two microorganisms causing infections of the urogenital tract, are closely associated in that they establish an endosymbiosis relationship, the only case among human pathogens. As a result, the presence of one microorganism may be considered a sign that the other is present as well. Identification of the two pathogens in clinical samples is based on cultivation techniques on specific media, even though in recent years, new sensitive and rapid molecular techniques have become. Here, we demonstrate that the concomitant presence of T.vaginalis in urogenital swabs may lead to a delay in the identification of M.hominis, and thus to an underestimation of bacterial infections when cultural techniques are used.

Associations between intravaginal practices and incidence of sexually transmitted infections and bacterial vaginosis among women enrolled in the dapivirine vaginal ring trial (The Ring Study) in southwestern Uganda: a retrospective secondary analysis.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed associations between intravaginal practices (IVPs) and the incidence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and bacterial vaginosis (BV) among women using the dapivirine vaginal ring (DVR) or placebo vaginal ring in southwestern Uganda. METHODS: This was a retrospective secondary analysis of data collected from women at risk of HIV infection recruited into the Ring Study. The latter evaluated the safety and efficacy of the DVR between 2013 and 2016. At baseline, a behavioural questionnaire was administered to obtain information on sexual activity and IVP (exposure) defined as; insertion inside the vagina of any items aimed at cleaning the vagina for any reason before, during or after sex other than practices to manage menses. Each participant self-inserted the DVR/placebo and replaced it every 4 weeks for 2 years. Outcomes were diagnosis of STIs, that is, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), HIV and BV. The incidence rate of STI/BV was estimated, overall, by IVP and trial arm in single-event-per-participant and multiple-event-per-participant analyses. RESULTS: Of the 197 women enrolled, 66 (33.5%) were <25 years of age. Overall, 93 (47.2%) practised at least one form of IVP. During the follow-up, 172 (87.3%) women were diagnosed with an STI/BV at least once. The majority had TV (73.6%, n=145). Overall rate of STI/BV was 51.9/100 person-years, 95% CI 44.7 to 60.3 (IVP: yes, 51.0 (40.8-63.8) vs no, 52.6 (43.0-64.4)). IVPs were not statistically significantly associated with rate of individual STIs/BV. Similar results were observed when the analyses were conducted separately for each trial arm. CONCLUSIONS: IVP was not associated with risk of STIs/BV in the Ring Study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01539226.

Effect of Trichomonacide 6-Nitro-1H-benzimidazole Derivative Compounds on Expression Level of Metabolic Genes in Trichomonas vaginalis.

The parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the etiologic agent of trichomoniasis, the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease worldwide. This infection often remains asymptomatic and is related to several health complications. The traditional treatment for trichomoniasis is the use of drugs of the 5-nitroimidazole family, such as metronidazole; however, scientific reports indicate an increasing number of drug-resistant strains. Benzimidazole derivatives could offer an alternative in the search for new anti-trichomonas drugs. In this sense, two attractive candidates are the compounds O2N-BZM7 and O2N-BZM9 (1H-benzimidazole derivatives), since, through in vitro tests, they have shown a higher trichomonacide activity. In this study, we determined the effect on the expression level of metabolic genes in T. vaginalis. The results show that genes involved in redox balance (NADHOX, G6PD::6PGL) are overexpressed, as well as the gene that participates in the first reaction of glycolysis (CK); on the other hand, structural genes such as ACT and TUB are decreased in expression in trophozoites treated with the compound O2N-BZM9, which would probably affect its morphology, motility and virulence. These results align with the trichomonacidal activity of the compounds, with benzimidazole O2N-BZM9 being the most potent, with an IC50 value of 4.8 µM. These results are promising for potential future therapeutic applications.

Evaluation of a new CT/NG/TV/MG Real-Time PCR Kit (Vircell) versus the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) for the diagnosis of sexually transmitted infections.

Sexually transmitted infections (STI) are a public health problem. Real-time PCR assays are the most sensitive test for screening and diagnosis of these infections. The aim of this study was to evaluate a new CT/NG/TV/MG Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) kit (Vircell) for the detection of Chamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis for the diagnosis of sexual transmitted infections using the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) as the reference's method. A total of 497 samples from different anatomical sites (endocervical, urethral, rectal, pharyngeal and urine) were analysed from October 2022 to February 2023. A total of 108 (21.73 %) and 106 (21.33 %) positive samples were found for any of the assays used. The most commonly detected pathogen was N. gonorrhoeae (52 samples; 10.46 %), and the least commonly detected was T. vaginalis (three samples; 0.60 %). The anatomical site with the highest prevalence of micro-organisms was a non-urogenital site, the pharynx (26 positive samples; 5.23 %). Using the Allplex STI Essential Assay (Seegene) as the reference method, the diagnosis performance showed that the average specificity of CT/NG/TV/MG RT-PCR Kit (Vircell) was 99.84 % and the sensitivity was 99.53 %. The overall concordance was k=0.98 (CI95 %; 0.96-1). In conclusion, the CT/NG/TV/MG RT-PCR Kit (Vircell) assay shows a good sensitivity and specificity and constitutes a promising and additional alternative to routine procedures for distinct types of clinical specimen in diagnosis STI.

Introduction of protein vaccine candidate based on AP65, AP33, and α-actinin proteins against Trichomonas vaginalis parasite: an immunoinformatics design.

BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis is the most common nonviral sexually transmitted disease (STI) worldwide. Vaccination is generally considered to be one of the most effective methods of preventing infectious diseases. Using AP65, AP33 and α-actinin proteins, this research aims to develop a protein vaccine against Trichomonas vaginalis. METHODS: Based on the B-cell and T-cell epitope prediction servers, the most antigenic epitopes were selected, and with the necessary evaluations, epitope-rich domains of three proteins, AP65, AP33, and α-actinin, were selected and linked. Subsequently, the ability of the vaccine to interact with toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2 and TLR4) was assessed. The stability of the interactions was also studied by molecular dynamics for a duration of 100 nanoseconds. RESULTS: The designed protein consists of 780 amino acids with a molecular weight of 85247.31 daltons. The results of the interaction of the vaccine candidate with TLR2 and TLR4 of the immune system also showed that there are strong interactions between the vaccine candidate protein with TLR2 (-890.7 kcal mol-1) and TLR4 (-967.3 kcal mol-1). All parameters studied to evaluate the stability of the protein structure and the protein-TLR2 and protein-TLR4 complexes showed that the structure of the vaccine candidate protein is stable alone and in complex with the immune system receptors. Investigation of the ability of the designed protein to induce an immune response using the C-ImmSim web server also showed that the designed protein is capable of stimulating B- and T-cell lymphocytes to produce the necessary cytokines and antibodies against Trichomonas vaginalis. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our vaccine may have potential protection against Trichomonas vaginalis. However, for experimental in vivo and in vitro studies, it may be a good vaccine candidate.

Exploring novel pyrazole-nitroimidazole hybrids: Synthesis and antiprotozoal activity against the human pathogen trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis, has gained increased significance globally. Its relevance has grown in recent years due to its association with a heightened risk of acquiring and transmitting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other STIs. In addition, many publications have revealed a potential link between trichomoniasis and certain cancers. Metronidazole (MTZ), a nitroimidazole compound developed over 50 years ago, remains the first-choice drug for treatment. However, reports of genotoxicity and side effects underscore the necessity for new compounds to address this pressing global health concern. In this study, we synthesized ten pyrazole-nitroimidazoles 1(a-j) and 4-nitro-1-(hydroxyethyl)-1H-imidazole 2, an analog of metronidazole (MTZ), and assessed their trichomonacidal and cytotoxic effects. All compounds 1(a-j) and 2 exhibited IC50 values ≤ 20 µM and ≤ 41 µM, after 24 h and 48 h, respectively. Compounds 1d (IC50 5.3 µM), 1e (IC50 4.8 µM), and 1i (IC50 5.2 µM) exhibited potencies equivalent to MTZ (IC50 4.9 µM), the reference drug, after 24 h. Notably, compound 1i showed high anti-trichomonas activity after 24 h (IC50 5.2 µM) and 48 h (IC50 2.1 µM). Additionally, all compounds demonstrated either non-cytotoxic to HeLa cells (CC50 > 100 µM) or low cytotoxicity (CC50 between 69 and 100 µM). These findings suggest that pyrazole-nitroimidazole derivatives represent a promising heterocyclic system, serving as a potential lead for further optimization in trichomoniasis chemotherapy.

Vaginal dysbiosis seems associated with hrHPV infection in women attending the Dutch Cervical Cancer Screening Program.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus, which infects approximately 80% of all men and women at some time in their lives. Usually, the infection is resolved successfully by the body's immune system. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV (hrHPV) is necessary but not sufficient for cervical cancer development, and additional factors, such as the vaginal microbiome (vaginome), are thought to be involved. The aim of this study is to investigate whether either vaginal dysbiosis (imbalance in vaginal bacterial composition) or sexually transmitted pathogens, e.g., Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), are possible cofactors for hrHPV infection and HPV-induced cervical dysplasia in asymptomatic women attending the Dutch Cervical Cancer Screening Program. In this study, 492 hrHPV-positive and 500 hrHPV-negative cervical smears from women attending the Screening Program were included. Age and cytology were known for the hrHPV-positive samples. All cervical smears were diluted in Aptima® specimen transfer medium and tested with Aptima® transcription-mediated amplification assays targeting CT, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), Candida spp. (CS), C. glabrata (CG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), and bacterial vaginosis (BV). The prevalences of CT, NG, MG, CS, CG, TV, and BV in this cohort were found to be 1.9%, 0.0%, 1.7%, 5.4%, 1.4%, 0.1%, and 27.2%, respectively. When comparing HPV groups, it was found that CT, MG, and BV had a significantly higher prevalence in hrHPV-positive smears as compared with hrHPV-negative samples (for all p < 0.001). No significant differences were found when comparing different age groups and cytology outcomes. In conclusion, vaginal dysbiosis seems associated with hrHPV infection in women attending the Dutch Cervical Cancer Screening Program.

Independent clinic-based evaluation of point-of-care testing for the screening of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoea and Trichomonas vaginalis in women-at-risk in Australia, Guatemala, Morocco, and South Africa.

BACKGROUND: In 2018, the World Health Organization commenced a multi-country validation study of the Cepheid GeneXpert for a range of molecular-based point-of-care (POC) tests in primary care settings. One study arm focused on the evaluation of POC tests for screening 'women at risk' for chlamydia (CT), gonorrhoea (NG) and trichomonas (TV) in four countries - Australia, Guatemala, Morocco and South Africa. METHODS: Study participants completed a pre-test questionnaire which included demographics, clinical information and general questions on POC testing (POCT). Two vaginal swab samples (either self-collected or clinician collected) from each patient were tested on the GeneXpert at the POC and at a reference laboratory using quality-assured nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs). RESULTS: One thousand three hundred and eighty-three women were enrolled: 58.6% from South Africa, 29.2% from Morocco, 6.2% from Guatemala, and 6.0% from Australia. 1296 samples for CT/NG and 1380 samples for TV were tested by the GeneXpert and the reference NAAT. The rate of unsuccessful tests on the GeneXpert was 1.9% for CT, 1.5% for NG and 0.96% for TV. The prevalence of CT, NG and TV was 31%, 13% and 23%, respectively. 1.5% of samples were positive for all three infections; 7.8% were positive for CT and NG; 2.4% were positive for NG and TV; and 7.3% were positive for CT and TV. Compared to reference NAATs, pooled estimates of sensitivity for the GeneXpert tests were 83.7% (95% confidence intervals 69.2-92.1) for CT, 90.5% (85.1-94.1) for NG and 64.7% (58.1-70.7) for TV (although estimates varied considerably between countries). Estimates for specificity were ≥96% for all three tests both within- and between-countries. Pooled positive and negative likelihood ratios were: 32.7 ([CI] 21.2-50.5) and 0.17 (0.08-0.33) for CT; 95.3 (36.9-245.7) and 0.10 (0.06-0.15) for NG; and 56.5 (31.6-101.1) and 0.35 (0.27-0.47) for TV. CONCLUSION: This multi-country evaluation is the first of its kind world-wide. Positive likelihood ratios, as well as specificity estimates, indicate the GeneXpert POC test results for CT, NG and TV were clinically acceptable for ruling in the presence of disease. However, negative likelihood ratios and variable sensitivity estimates from this study were poorer than expected for ruling out these infections, particularly for TV. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Ethics approval to conduct the ProSPeRo study was granted by the WHO Ethics Review Committee, as well as local ethics committees from all participating countries.

Anti-Trichomonas vaginalis Activity of Marine Ascidians (Tunicates; Ascidiacea) from the Bushehr Province, Iran

Objective: The aim of the current research is to evaluate the antiparasite effects of compounds isolated from marine ascidian tunicates on Trichomonas vaginalis. Methods: Ascidian tunicates after collection were cut into small pieces, freeze-dried, and powdered. The resulting material was subjected to extraction in double-distilled water, ethanol, n-hexane, and dichloromethane. To fractionate the extracts and identify the most bioactive compound, silica gel column chromatography and GC-M/S analysis were used. Results: Fraction 18 of silica gel column chromatography of ethanol extract was the most effective against T. vaginalis. The respective IC50, CC50, and SI values for fraction 18 were 28.62 µg/mL, ˃800 µg/mL, and ˃27.95. GC-M/S analysis of this fraction identified a major phenolic compound (2, 4-bis (1, 1-dimethyl ethyl), whose toxicity against vero cells was only 10.15%. Conclusion: The ethanolic fraction containing phenol-2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl), which has a potent lethality effect on T. vaginalis, may be considered as an antiparasite drug candidate.

The core exosome proteome of Trichomonas vaginalis.

BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis is parasitic protozoan that causes human urogenital infections. Accumulated reports indicated that exosomes released by this parasite play a crucial role in transmitting information and substances between cells during host-parasite interactions. Current knowledge on the protein contents in T. vaginalis exosome is mainly generated from three previous studies that used different T. vaginalis isolates as an experimental model. Whether T. vaginalis exosomes comprise a common set of proteins (core exosome proteome) is still unclear. METHODS: To explore the core exosome proteome in T. vaginalis, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to identify the contents of sucrose ultracentrifugation-enriched exosome and supernatant fractions isolated from six isolates. RESULTS: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the presence of exosomes in the enriched fraction. Proteomic analysis identified a total of 1870 proteins from exosomal extracts. There were 1207 exosomal-specific proteins after excluding 436 'non-core exosomal proteins'. Among these, 72 common exosomal-specific proteins were expressed in all six isolates. Compared with three published T. vaginalis exosome proteome datasets, we identified 16 core exosomal-specific proteins. These core exosomal-specific proteins included tetraspanin (TvTSP1), the classical exosome marker, and proteins mainly involved in catalytic activity and binding such as ribosomal proteins, ras-associated binding (Rab) proteins, and heterotrimeric G proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlighted the importance of using supernatant fraction from exosomal extract as a control to eliminate 'non-core exosomal proteins'. We compiled a reference core exosome proteome of T. vaginalis, which is essential for developing a fundamental understanding of exosome-mediated cell communication and host-parasite interaction.

Aetiological molecular identification of sexually transmitted infections that cause urethral discharge syndrome and genital ulcer disease in Brazilian men: a nationwide study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the aetiology of urethral discharge syndrome (UDS) and genital ulcer disease (GUD) in Brazil due to limited access to laboratory tests and treatment based mainly on the syndromic approach. OBJECTIVES: To update Brazilian treatment guidelines according to the current scenario, the first nationwide aetiological study for UDS and GUD was performed. METHODS: Male participants with urethral discharge (UD) and/or genital ulcer (GU) reports were enrolled. Sample collection was performed by 12 sentinel sites located in the five Brazilian regions. Between 2018 and 2020, 1141 UD and 208 GU samples were collected in a Universal Transport Medium-RT (Copan). A multiplex quantitative PCR kit (Seegene) was used to detect UD: Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Mycoplasma genitalium (MG), M. hominis (MH), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Trichomonas vaginalis (TV), Ureaplasma parvum (UP), U. urealyticum (UU) and another kit to detect GU: cytomegalovirus (CMV), Haemophilus ducreyi (HD), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV2), lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), Treponema pallidum (TP) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV). RESULTS: In UD samples, the frequency of pathogen detection was NG: 78.38%, CT: 25.6%, MG: 8.3%, UU: 10.4%, UP: 3.5%, MH: 3.5% and TV: 0.9%. Coinfection was assessed in 30.9% of samples, with 14.3% of NG/CT coinfection. The most frequent pathogen identified in GU was HSV2, present in 40.8% of the samples, followed by TP at 24.8%, LGV and CMV at 1%, and HSV1 at 0.4%. Coinfection of TP/HSV2 was detected in 4.4% of samples. VZV and HD were not detected. In 27.7% of the GU samples, no pathogen was detected. CONCLUSION: This study provided the acquisition of unprecedented data on the aetiology of UDS and GUD in Brazil, demonstrated the presence of a variety of pathogens in both sample types and reaffirmed the aetiologies known to be most prevalent globally.

Stimulation of microvesicle secretion in Trichomonas vaginalis.

Trichomonas vaginalis is an extracellular flagellate protozoan and the etiological agent of human trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted infection (STI) with a high incidence. Several reports have shown that this protozoan releases microvesicles into the culture medium, which show high potential in modulating cell-to-cell communication and the host response to infections. However, the biogenesis of these vesicles has not been analyzed in detail. In the present study, high-resolution ion scanning microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the surface of control cells and cells incubated in the presence of Ca2+ alone or with A 23187 calcium ionophore. Two different strains of T. vaginalis were analyzed. Most control cells displayed relatively smooth surfaces, whereas cells incubated with Ca2+ had many surface projections of variable shape and size (from 40 nm to around 1 µm). Quantitative analyses were performed directly in the scanning electron microscope and showed a significant increase in the number of cells with surface projections after incubation in the presence of calcium. TEM showed that treated cells presented several cytoplasmic multivesicular structures, suggesting membrane fusion and exosomes in the extracellular medium. The amount and size of the released vesicles were quantitatively analyzed using light scattering and TEM on negatively stained samples. The observations show that incubation of both parasite strains in the presence of Ca2+ significantly increased the release of microvesicles into the extracellular medium in a time-dependent process. Sequential incubation in the presence of Ca2+ and the calcium ionophore A23187 increases the presence of vesicles on the parasite surface only at a short incubation time (5 min). Transmission electron microscopy showed that at least part of the vesicles are originated from cytoplasmic multivesicular structures. This information contributes to a better understanding of the biogenesis of extracellular vesicles secreted by T. vaginalis.

Quality control and external quality assessment for the independent clinic-based evaluation of point-of-care testing to detect Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trichomonas vaginalis in eight countries.

BACKGROUND: Sexually transmitted infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) remain significant global health problems. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recently conducted a multi-faceted, multi-country validation study (ProSPeRo), which included an evaluation of the Xpert CT/NG and Xpert TV assays on the GeneXpert system (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, Ca., USA) in clinic-based settings across eight countries. To support the study, a training and quality management system was implemented and evaluated. METHODS: A comprehensive training program for the study was developed. Quality control (QC) and external quality assessment (EQA) samples were provided by an accredited quality assurance provider. QC testing was conducted at 14 point-of-care testing (POCT) clinics, while EQA samples were tested by the POCT sites and a reference laboratory supporting each clinic. RESULTS: For QC testing, concordance with the expected results for CT and NG was > 99% and rates of unsuccessful tests were < 4%. For TV testing, concordance was similar (97%), but rates of unsuccessful tests were high (18%), particularly in the 'TV negative' sample. For EQA testing initially conducted in 2018, concordance was 100% for CT and NG, and 90% for TV for the reference laboratory group (which used non-GeneXpert systems). Concordance for the POCT group was also high (> 94%) for all analytes, but this cohort (which used GeneXpert systems) exhibited a high rate of unsuccessful TV tests. All but one of these unsuccessful tests was subcategorised as 'invalid'. CONCLUSIONS: The high level of concordance for QC and EQA testing confirm that the trained operators at the POC clinical sites were competent to conduct POC testing and that the training and quality systems implemented for the ProSPeRo study were effective. The quality materials used were satisfactory for CT and NG but exhibited poor performance for TV testing on the GeneXpert system. The WHO should continue to work with industry and EQA providers to provide improved materials that are reliable, stable and cost effective for quality management, as it seeks to rollout molecular-based STI POCT in non-laboratory-based settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Ethics approval to conduct the ProSPeRo study was granted by the WHO Ethics Review Committee.

Reducing Barriers for Expedited Partner Treatment in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Quality Improvement Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) face significant barriers to screening, testing, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Expedited partner therapy (EPT) streamlines partner treatment of STIs, but use among adolescents is low. We aimed to increase EPT offering and provision at 2 adolescent medicine clinics (AMCs) and the emergency department (ED) in an urban children's hospital. We addressed barriers at provider, pharmacy, and patient levels. We compared EPT offering and provision for chlamydia ( Chlamydia trachomatis [CT]) and trichomonas ( Trichomonas vaginalis [TV]) infection at baseline and across 2 intervention cycles. METHODS: Baseline data were collected from July 2019 to March 2020 and our intervention time frame spanned from April 2020 to October 2021. Laboratory codes identified patients with CT or TV infections. Cycle 1 allowed providers to order EPT within a patient's chart. The second cycle targeted education and standardization for STI/EPT notification and counseling. During this cycle, notification of ED patients was centralized to the AMC nurses. RESULTS: A total of 747 CT and TV cases were identified. In the AMC, EPT offering increased from 77.3% to 87.7% ( P = 0.01). Expedited partner therapy provision increased from 32.3% to 69.9% ( P < 0.001). Expedited partner therapy offering for ED patients increased by 82.3%. Retesting rates remained consistent, with a significant drop in reinfection rates ( P = 0.003) within patients seen in the AMC. CONCLUSIONS: This quality improvement initiative successfully increased EPT offering and provision among the cases identified. Future cycles may include longer-term follow-up to confirm partner treatment and testing per guidelines.

Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Among American Adults: NHANES 2013-2016.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that vitamin D may possess anti-infection properties, but the relationship between vitamin D and Trichomonas vaginalis infection remains unexplored. METHODS: Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2013 and 2016, we conducted multivariate regression analyses and subgroup analyses to investigate the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels and T. vaginalis infection, ensuring the robustness of our results. RESULTS: The final sample included data from 4318 individuals aged 20 to 59 years, among which 92 were diagnosed with T. vaginalis infection. For every 10 nmol/L increase in serum 25(OH)D level, there was a 22% reduction in the likelihood of T. vaginalis infection incidence (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.90). Similarly, higher concentration tertiles demonstrated relatively lower infection ratios compared with the tertile with the lowest 25(OH)D concentration (aOR, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.30-0.95; P = 0.030] for T2; aOR, 0.23 [95% CI, 0.09-0.61; P < 0.001] for T3). CONCLUSIONS: Our cross-sectional study indicates a negative association between 25(OH)D levels and the prevalence of T. vaginalis infection. However, further high-quality evidence is needed to establish a causal relationship between 25(OH)D levels and T. vaginalis infection, as well as to evaluate the potential role of vitamin D supplementation in preventing T. vaginalis infection.

Complement receptor 3 is required for maximum in vitro trogocytic killing of the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis by human neutrophil-like cells.

Trichomonas vaginalis (Tv) is a parasite that causes trichomoniasis, a prevalent sexually-transmitted infection. Neutrophils are found at the site of infection, and can rapidly kill the parasite in vitro, using trogocytosis. However, the specific molecular players in neutrophil killing of Tv are unknown. Here, we show that complement proteins play a role in Tv killing by human neutrophil-like cells (NLCs). Using CRISPR/Cas9, we generated NLCs deficient in each of three complement receptors (CRs) known to be expressed on human neutrophils: CR1, CR3, and CR4. Using in vitro trogocytosis assays, we found that CR3, but not CR1 or CR4 is required for maximum trogocytosis of the parasite by NLCs, with NLCs lacking CR3 demonstrating ~40% reduction in trogocytosis, on average. We also observed a reduction in NLC killing of Tv in CR3 knockout, but not CR1 or CR4 knockout NLCs. On average, NLCs lacking CR3 had ~50% reduction in killing activity. We also used a parallel approach of pre-incubating NLCs with blocking antibodies against CR3, which similarly reduced NLC killing of parasites. These data support a model in which Tv is opsonized by the complement protein iC3b, and bound by neutrophil CR3 receptor, to facilitate trogocytic killing of the parasite.

Comparison of two testing strategies for Mycoplasma genitalium in emergency department patients across a statewide health system.

PURPOSE: Mycoplasma genitalium (Mgen) is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that has an estimated prevalence in the general population of 2.3% in women and 1.1% in men aged 21-23 years. (Hilbert and Reno, 2018) A cross-sectional study conducted in a community emergency department (ED) determined that the prevalence of Mgen was 14.8% in asymptomatic female patients. (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021) The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2021 STI Treatment Guidelines recommend testing for Mgen in select circumstances. This study aims to determine what testing strategy in ED patients results in the most appropriate treatment of Mgen based on CDC recommendations. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective, pre- and post-intervention cohort study assessed adherence to CDC recommendations for appropriate management of Mgen in ED patients. Inclusion criteria were patients at least 18 years of age discharged from one of the 15 ED sites within the health system studied who were tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis), and Mgen. Subjects were excluded if they were pregnant, sexually assaulted, or had indeterminate STI results. For cohort 1, which included patients evaluated from May 2022 through July 2022, Mgen was incorporated into the standard STI testing panel. Cohort 2 consisted of patients evaluated from September 2022 through November 2022; testing for Mgen in cohort 2 was optional, and a testing algorithm based on CDC recommendations was disseminated to ED sites. The primary endpoint was the number of subjects treated appropriately for Mgen in accordance with CDC recommendations. Cohort 1 secondary endpoints included overall prevalence of Mgen in patients who presented to ED sites for STI testing and prevalence in ICD-10 code diagnosed PID. Secondary endpoints for both cohorts included baseline characteristics of patients who tested positive for Mgen. RESULTS: Percent appropriate treatment did not differ significantly between cohort 1 (21%) and cohort 2 (20%), (p > 0.9). However, greater than three times as many subjects were inappropriately treated for Mgen in cohort 1 when the health system studied did not adhere to current CDC Mgen testing recommendations. The overall prevalence of Mgen in ED patients who were tested for STIs was 13.1%. The prevalence of PID ICD-10 diagnosis code in patients positive for Mgen was 2.9%. Based on results of a risk factor analysis to determine if certain baseline characteristics are indicators for a positive infection with Mgen, a positive Mgen result was significantly associated with a positive result for T. vaginalis (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Evidence regarding the preferred testing strategy for Mgen is currently limited. This study demonstrates that testing all STI presenting patients for Mgen results in antibiotic overuse, so adhering to CDC testing recommendations is important. Prevalence of positive Mgen result in ED patients tested for STIs was similar to results of previously published literature. Risk factor analysis results could be used as a screening method to determine what patients should be considered for Mgen testing. Based on the results of this study, we recommend against including Mgen on the standard ED STI testing panel at this time.

Challenges in Male Partner Referral Among Trichomonas vaginalis -Infected Women.

ABSTRACT: This study assessed feasibility of male partner referral by Trichomonas vaginalis -infected women. Of 93 women approached, only 20 enrolled. Only 1 male partner contacted the study but was unable to be reached for scheduling. Other public health interventions are necessary to engaged T. vaginalis -infected women and their male partners in care.

A novel detection method based on MIRA-CRISPR/Cas13a-LFD targeting the repeated DNA sequence of Trichomonas vaginalis.

BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis is a protozoan parasite, widely recognized as the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infection (STI) globally. This infection is linked to various complications, including pelvic inflammatory disease, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and an increased risk of acquiring HIV. Current molecular detection methods for T. vaginalis are often costly and technically challenging. METHODS: We developed a novel detection method for T. vaginalis using a multi-enzyme isothermal rapid amplification-clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (MIRA-CRISPR)/Cas13a-lateral flow device (LFD). This assay targets the repeated DNA sequence (GenBank: L23861.1) of T. vaginalis and is performed at a constant temperature of 37 °C for approximately 1 hour. RESULTS: The detection limit of genomic DNA (gDNA) using our protocol was 1 × 10-4 ng/µl. Specificity was confirmed by the absence of cross-reaction with gDNA from various other microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Lactobacillus taiwanensis, Escherichia coli, Monilia albicans, Giardia lamblia, or Toxoplasma gondii. Among 30 clinical samples tested, the positive rates of T. vaginalis detection were 33.33% (10/30) by wet mount microscopy, 40% (12/30) by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 40% (12/30) by MIRA-CRISPR/Cas13a-LFD, and 40% (12/30) by the culture method. Compared with the culture method, the gold standard for diagnosing trichomoniasis, wet mount microscopy showed a sensitivity of 83.3% and moderate diagnostic agreement (kappa value = 0.87). Both nested PCR and MIRA-CRISPR/Cas13a-LFD exhibited 100% sensitivity and excellent diagnostic agreement (kappa value = 1). CONCLUSIONS: The MIRA-CRISPR/Cas13a-LFD method is a convenient, rapid, stable, and accurate diagnostic tool for detecting T. vaginalis. This method has the potential to enhance the diagnosis and management of vaginitis, offering a significant improvement over existing diagnostic techniques.